International

The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 protect the wounded and sick on land and at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians under occupat...

Drafted after World War II by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt and adopted in Paris in December 1948, the declaration set ...

The 1945 to 1946 trial of the major Nazi organizations affirmed that individuals, including heads of state, bear criminal responsi...

Adopted in Rome in 1998 by 120 states and in force in 2002, the statute created the first permanent international criminal court w...

Signed in San Francisco in June 1945, the Charter prohibits the use of force except in self defense or with Security Council autho...

The treaties of Osnabruck and Munster ended three decades of confessional war in 1648, recognizing territorial sovereignty and the...

The General Data Protection Regulation, adopted in 2016 and enforceable from May 2018, governs all processing of personal data in ...

Drafted in the early Council of Europe and opened in Rome in 1950, the convention guarantees rights from life and fair trial to ex...

The Paris Agreement, adopted by nearly two hundred parties in December 2015, aims to hold warming well below two degrees while pur...

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, concluded in 1982 after nine years of negotiation, sets territorial seas at twelve miles,...

The Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907 codified means and methods of warfare, from permissible weapons to treatment of surrenderin...

The 1961 Vienna Convention codified millennia of practice, granting envoys immunity from arrest and jurisdiction, inviolability of...

Rooted in the maxim that equals have no sovereignty over each other, sovereign immunity bars suits against states and their agenci...

Extradition runs on bilateral and multilateral treaties requiring double criminality, the act be criminal in both states, and resp...

A handful of norms, the prohibitions of genocide, torture, slavery, and aggression foremost, are ranked peremptory: no treaty may ...

From piracy's any court may try rule, doctrine extended universal jurisdiction to genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, a...

Customary international law forms where consistent state practice meets opinio juris, the sense of legal obligation, and binds eve...

Restorative justice convenes victims, offenders, and communities to confront harm, agree reparation, and reintegrate, with New Zea...

Arbitration submits disputes to a chosen private tribunal whose award travels worldwide under the 1958 New York Convention, enforc...

Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 9, 1948 and in force from 1951, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of ...

Drafted by the International Law Commission and concluded in Vienna in 1969, the convention entered into force in 1980 and sets ou...